Grammar for use

Warming-up

Students are required to find out the adverbial in the following sentences.

1. Bruce Leonard spent 4 years in Japan studying Kung Fu. As a result, he is often able to predict moves by Japanese opponents.

2. Mark was separated from his twin sister when they were both one. Of course, it was often said that the girl next door looked a little like him, but no one had any reason to think they might be related.

3. In summary, 70% of you will fail the course.

4. Consequently, I cannot tolerate sloppy work.

5. However, Bruce was unaware that the shark was only making its first pass. 

Keys: 1. As a result; 2. Of course; 3. In summary; 4. Consequently; 5. However

Brief introduction of Adverbial Clause as follows:

分类：

（一）时间状语从句

表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner than, hardly (scarcely) when, every time等引导。

e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.

    He started as soon as he received the news.

    Once you see him, you will never forget him.

    No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.

（二）原因状语从句

原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。

e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.

    As it is raining, I will not go out.

    Now that you mention it, I do remember.

（三）地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。

e.g. Sit wherever you like.

   Make a mark where you have a question.

（四）目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。

e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.

   She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.

    He left early in case he should miss the train.

（五）结果状语从句

结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so that, such that等引导。

e.g. She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.

    He was so excited that he could not say a word.

    She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.

（六）条件状语从句

条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。

e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.

   You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.

   So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.

   You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank.

   If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.

（七）让步状语从句

让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who (when, what, ) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。

e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.

   Child as he is, he knows a lot.

   Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, Ill never change my mind.

（八）方式状语从句

方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。

e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you.

    He acted as if nothing had happened.

（九）比较状语从句

比较状语从句常用than, so (as) as, the more the more等引导。

e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.

   He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.

   The busier he is, the happier he feels.

（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题

1.在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。

e.g. Well go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.

   Ill write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.

2.有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的主语  be部分。

e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.

    If (you are) asked you may come in.

    If (it is) necessary Ill explain to you again.

3.注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。

e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）

Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）

     I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句）

     Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）

     This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）

15 min

Practical Reading

1. Pre-reading

Step 1

Warm-up questions

Have you ever seen a “for sale” ad? Can you remember the theme of them?

(e.g. Yes，I have seen the “for sale “ad in the school，a boy wanted to sell his computer)

Step 2

Ask students to discuss the possible features included in a “for sale” ad.

Possible questions are:

1) brand

2) price

3) features of the item

4) photo  

5 min

2. While-reading

Step 1

Ask students to look at the picture of “for sale” ad and discuss the name of the “for sale” product

Step 2

1.Pair work:

1) Help students understand the content in the notices by explaining the difficult sentences:

A great hybrid bike, with an 18-inch medium frame and also a bottle holder.

一辆性能极佳的混合动力自行车，车架尺寸18英寸附带水杯架。

Tyres are good, with new inner tubes.

车胎状况良好，内胎是新的。

Step 3

Explain the new words and expressions:

10min

3. After-reading

Students work in pairs.

1) Talk about any other items should the “for sale” ad of the   hybrid bike include.

(e.g. valid date; features of the item，style.)

5 min

Assignment

Task  – Finish the exercise 2 in p.81

KEY:

2) the item for sale

price

   photo

   brand

   contact information

   condition

5 min