Detailed Reading

I. Difficult Sentences

1. the kind of mental feats animals perform when dealing with captivity and the dominant species on the planet — humans. (Para. 2)
1) What do you learn from this sentence?
(Animals have the abilities to deal with human beings’ captivity though human beings are more intelligent than them.)
2) Paraphrase the sentence.
(Animal show great intelligence when they deal with human beings’ captivity even though human beings control and dominate this planet.)
3) Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(即动物在对付樊笼生活和地球上的主宰物种——人类——时所表现的高超的思维技能。)

2. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. (Para. 3)
How to understand “only to”?
(It is often used to indicate that sb. does sth. with a disappointing or surprising result. Infinitive “to” functions as a result adverbial.)
More examples:
- He hurried to the railway station, only to find that the train had left.
- He had once tried inviting her out, only to meet with a rather cool response.

3. Colo then broke the key chain and gave Jendry a link, perhaps figuring, Why give her the whole thing if I can get a bit of pineapple for each piece? (Para. 4)
1) What conclusion can you draw about Colo?
(Colo is a good bargainer, and this case shows that animals may really have intelligence.)
2) Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(科洛然后把钥匙链拉断，给了延德里一段，或许是在算计，要是每一小段都能换片菠萝，我干嘛要全都给她？)

4. But the orangutan’s understanding of money seemed to extend far beyond simple dealings. (Para. 5)
1) Paraphrase the sentence.
(What the orangutan understands is more than just simple dealings.)
2) Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(但这头猩猩对钱币的理解似乎远远超出了简单的交易。)

5. This is true, but I don’t think it goes far enough. (Para. 7)
1) Paraphrase the sentence.
(What behaviorists say is right, but I don’t think their explanation helps very much.)
2) Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(这没有错，但我觉得这一解释尚不充分。)

6. Apparently sizing up the problem, Orky swam under the stretcher and allowed one of the men to stand on his head, something he’d never been trained to do. (Para. 10)
1) What does the sentence imply?
(Orky is a whale who can assess a situation and then do something based on the judgments he made.)
2) Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(奥基显然看出了问题，它游到担架下，让其中一人站在它头上。这种事从来没有训练它做过。)

7. Instead of moving away to get it, Melati looked Shewman in the eye and held out her hand. (Para. 11)
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(梅拉蒂没有移动身体去接，而是眼睛直视休曼，伸出手来。)

8. If life is about survival of a species — and intelligence is meant to serve that survival — then we can’t compare with pea-brained sea turtles, which were here long before us and survived the disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs. (Para. 13)
1) Paraphrase the sentence.
(If the purpose of life is to survive and intelligence is for survival, then our intelligence can’t be compared with that of the pea-brained sea turtles. They were on this earth long before we human beings and they even survived the disaster that destroyed the dinosaurs.)
2) Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(如果生命关乎物种的生存——而智能是为了生存服务——那么我们根本无法与大脑只有豌豆大小的海龟相提并论。海龟早在人类出现之前很久便已存在，并经历了使恐龙灭绝的重大灾难而生存下来。)

9. … even if their horizons are more limited than ours. (Para. 13)
1) What can you infer from the sentence?
(Animals’ horizons are more limited and can’t be compared with human beings’.)
2) Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(…即便它们的视野比我们还狭小。)

II. Words & Expressions

intelligence: n.

1) ability to learn and understand

The children were given an intelligence test.

2) news, information, esp. with reference to important events

- 他最终搞到了敌人计划的秘密情报。 (He managed to get the secret intelligence of the enemy’ s plans.)

controversy: n.  a lot of discussion and argument about sth., often involving strong feelings of anger or disapproval (followed by over / about)

- This is a question that has given rise to much controversy.

- 他的书的出版引起了激烈的争议。 (There is a bitter / heated controversy over the publishing of his books.)

Collocation:

beyond / without controversy                           无可争议， 无疑，不消说

explore: vt.

1) examine thoroughly; learn about

- 工程师们已经对在这条河上建桥的可能性做了仔细探察。 (The engineers have already explored the possibility of building a bridge over the river.)

- The repairman explored my car and said he would fix it tomorrow.

2) travel over (a region, area, etc.) for the purpose of discovery

- 不论大人还是孩子都认为探索太空一定非常刺激。 (Both adults and children think that it must be extremely exciting to explore space.)

- The man will explore the Sahara Desert on foot.

encounter: vt.

1) meet esp. unexpectedly

- 他在街上偶然遇见一位老友。 (He encountered an old friend on the street.)

2) come up against

- The more dangers we encounter, the harder we should push forward.

convince: vt.  make (sb.) feel certain; cause (sb.) to realize

- 我深信他的诚实。 (I’m convinced of his honesty.)

- We finally convinced the police of our innocence.

Pattern:

be convinced of                                              确信，承认

be convinced that                                确信，承认

convince sb. of sth.                             使某人相信某事

dominant: adj.  ruling; stronger, more powerful, or more noticeable than other people or things

- 查理·卓别林是美国电影工业上极有影响力的人物。 (Charlie Chaplin was a dominant figure in the American film industry.)

- He is a dominant person in the company.

make a deal:  reach an agreement or arrangement, esp. in business or politics

- I’ll make a deal with you — you wash the car and I’ll let you use it tonight.

- 这家汽车公司已经和一家日本公司达成协议，由日方提供发动机来交换刹车。 (The automobile company has made a deal with a Japanese firm, which will supply engines in exchange for brakes.)

negotiate: vi.  discuss in order to come to an agreement

- The labor decided to negotiate with the employers about their wage claims.

- 政府拒绝和恐怖分子谈判。 (The government refused to negotiate with terrorists.)

Pattern:

negotiate for sth.

negotiate to do sth.

negotiate with sb.

maintain: vt.

1) keep up; retain; continue

- 他的健康正在好转中。 (The improvement in his health is being maintained.)

2) support

- He has worked hard to maintain his family.

CF: maintain, support, uphold & back

这四个词都有“支持，支撑”的含义。

maintain 指“使保持某种情况或状态而不受损害”，“使保持完整所给予的力量”。例如：

- The government maintains the law. (政府支持这项法律。)

support 系常用词, 指“支撑”，“给某人或物以积极援助或支持”。例如：

- We should support each other. (我们应该相互支持。)

uphold 指“对某人、某种活动、信仰等给予支持、道义上的支援或精神上的鼓舞”。例如：

- His words upheld me greatly. (他的话在精神上给了我很大的支持。)

back 指“支持（论点、行动、企业等）”。例如：

- I’ll back you up in your demands. (我支持你的请求。)

Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

1. He was backed in the argument about insurance policy.

2. Microsoft intends to maintain its position as market leader.

3. The Supreme Court is expected to uphold the death sentence.

4. There was too little food to support life.

reveal: vt.

1) bring to view; show

His worn jacket revealed his elbows.

2) make known (sth. concealed or secret)

- 这些事件总有一天会真相大白的。 (One day the truth about these events will be revealed.)

relieve: vt.  free (sb.) from pain, anxiety, etc.

- Taking a part-time job would relieve you of the financial burden.

- 听说你已安全到达，我们就放心了。 (We are relieved to hear that you have arrived safely.)

Pattern:

relieve sb. of sth.

undertake: vt.  carry out; take upon oneself (a task, etc.)

- 如果我们要承担更多的工作的话，我们就得再多招些人。 (We’ll have to employ more staff if we’re to undertake more work.)

- The United Nations is supposed to undertake the role of global peace-keeper.

figure out:  understand; reason out

- 我想不出那位戴墨镜的女士是谁。 (I couldn’t figure out who the lady with the sunglasses was.)

- I can’t figure her out, one minute happy, the next sad.

extend: v.

1) (cause to ) stretch or reach

- Rain is expected to extend to all parts of the country by this evening.

2) make larger or longer

- 我们把厨房扩大出一块吃饭的区域。(We’ve extended the kitchen to give us room for a dining area.)

Collocation:

extend for                                              延续…（距离）

extend from                                          从…伸出来

extend out                                             伸出

extend over                                           延续…（时间），遍布

extend through...            贯穿…，达到整个…的长度

CF: extend & prolong

这两个词都有“延长，伸长”的意思。

extend可以用于比喻意义上的“延长”，或范围的“扩展”。例如：

- the extended meaning of a word (词汇的引申意义)

- to extend (or lengthen) a road (延长道路)

- to extend (or lengthen) one’s stay (延长某人的逗留时间)

- 明年将会延长这条铁路。 (The railway will be extended next year.)

prolong 通常表示时间的“延长”。 例如：

- Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle. (艾尔弗雷德已经推测出了丹麦人不适应持久的战争。)

expand: v.

1) (cause to) grow larger (in size, number or amount)

- The small pocket dictionary was expanded into a larger volume. (这个公司已从一个小公司发展到拥有12个分公司了。)

- The business has expanded from having one office to having twelve.

2) speak or write at length or in detail

- The professor will expand on a hot topic in his lecture.

CF: expand & swell

这两个词都有“扩展，延伸”的意思。

expand 侧重指“上下、左右、前后的面或体的伸展”。例如：

- Iron expands when it is heated. (铁遇热则膨胀。)

swell强调“由于内在的压力或外加某物而使增高或加大至超过正常情况”。例如：

- His injured wrist began to swell. (他受伤的手腕开始肿起来。)

Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

1. The enrolment of our university swelled to 4,000 this year.

2. We have expanded into the automobile service market.

envy:

1. vt. wish that you had a quality or possession that another person has

- I don’t envy you for your journey in this bad weather.

- 他突然成了百万富翁，许多人都羡慕他的好运。 (He became a millionaire overnight. Many people envied him for his good luck.)

Pattern:

envy sb. / sth.

envy sb. sth.

envy sb. for sth.

2. n.

1) feeling of disappointment and resentment (at another’s better fortune)

- She was filled with envy at her sister’s success.

2) object of such feeling

- 他那部豪华的新车是他所有的朋友羡慕的东西。 (His splendid new car was the envy of all his friends.)

Collocation:

lost in envy                          非常嫉妒

in one’s interest (s):  for or to one’s advantage

- The local government has to abandon the plan for a new chemical plant because it is not in the public interest.

- 尽管这项工作很难，但你承担下来对你是会有利的。 (It would be in your interests to undertake this task although it’s very difficult.)

Collocation:

lose interest                                失去兴趣

take interest in                  对…产生兴趣

with interest                      有兴趣地

judgment: n.

1) opinion about sth.

- 在你看来是什么导致学生们考试不及格？(In your judgment, what has caused the students’ failure in the examination?)

- The manager made an unfair judgment of his new secretary’s work.

2) ability to form valuable opinions and make good decisions

- He showed excellent judgment in choosing the wine.

- 我很钦佩爸爸的判断力，每件事都听他的建议。 (I respect my father’s judgment and always follow any advice he gives me.)

at first:  at the beginning

- 一开始天挺热，但后来变凉了。 (At first it was very hot, but then it got cooler.)

- Jenny felt tired at first, but soon got used to the hard training.

CF: at first, first & firstly

这三个词（组）都表示“起先，开始”的意思。

at first 用于提及有先后顺序的事物，或事件中的前者。例如：

- I rejected his invitation at first, but I changed my mind two days later. (起初，我拒绝了他的邀请；但是，两天后，我改变了主意。)

first 和 firstly用于陈述一系列的原因、观点等，或指在另一特指的时间以前。常与 second，secondly，third，thirdly 等连用。例如：

- I must finish my homework first. (我必须首先完成作业。)

Fill in the blanks with the words or phrase above. Change the form where necessary.

1. First / Firstly I’d like to tell you some background information, then I’ll explain some difficult sentences in the text.

2. When people get their newspaper, which page do they read first?

3. You’ll find it difficult at first, but later it’ll get easier.

4. There are two reasons. First, there is no evidence that the original documents have been destroyed. Second, Jack saw them the day before yesterday.

go wrong:  stop working properly; experience trouble

- I didn’t watch the live opening ceremony of the World Cup yesterday because my television went wrong again.

- All their plans went wrong.

size up:  carefully examine (a situation or person ) in order to make a judgment

- 父亲审查我男朋友的方式让我感到难堪。 (I felt embarrassed by the way my father sized up my boyfriend.)

- I don’t like the way the sales assistants in that shop size you up as you walk through the door.

release: vt.

1) free from sth. that binds, fastens, or holds back; let go

- 动物园的一些动物被从笼里放了出来。 (Some animals in the zoo had been released from their cages.)

- Death finally released him from the cancer torture.

2) allow (news) to be known or published; allow (a film) to be exhibited or (goods) to be placed on sale

- 昨天我买了一些迈克尔·杰克逊最新出的唱片。 (I bought some recently released discs of Michael Jackson yesterday.)

- His new novel about September 11 terrorist attack was released last week.

deceive: vt.  try to make (sb.) believe sth. that is false

- You deceived me, and I can’t forgive you.

- 他们欺骗老人，让他在文件上签字。 (They deceived the old man into signing the papers.)

- He that once deceives is ever suspected. (［谚］骗人一次，受疑一世。)

Pattern:

deceive sb.

deceive sb. into (doing) sth.

look sb. in the eye:  look directly and steadily at sb. because you are not embarrassed or ashamed

- I couldn’t look him in the eye afterwards, knowing that I had lost all that money.

- 你能看着我说不是你打破玻璃吗？ (Can you look me in the eye and say you didn’t break the window?)

Collocation：

look about环视

look after照料，照顾，照管

look down on看不起，轻视

look forward to盼望，期待

look into朝…里面看；调查，观察

look up to尊敬，钦佩

original: adj.

1) first or earliest

- 原先的计划优于我们所执行的计划。 (The original plan was better than the plan we followed.)

- The land was returned to the original owner.

- Later models of the car retained many of the original features.

2) newly formed or created; not copied or imitated

- 他新买的衬衫是范思哲的原创。(His newly bought shirt is an original design of Versace.)

survive: v.

1) remain alive

- A few were killed but most survived in the earthquake.

2) continue to live or exist after

- 她在车祸中幸存下来。 (She survived the accident.)

CF: survive, outlive & outlast

都含有“比别的人或别的物存在的时间长”的意思。

survive 指“幸存”，也可以用于指比另一物活得更久。例如：

- Ten of them survived the shipwreck. (他们中有10人在海难中幸存下来。)

outlive 指“活得比…长久”，“比（某物）经久”。例如：

- The ship outlived the storm. (小船熬过了暴风雨。)

outlast 指“比…耐久”，“比…活得更久”。 outlast 经常可与 outlive互换使用，强调更长时间的延续。例如：

- He will outlast me. (他会比我长寿。)

wipe out:  get rid of or destroy

- 银行同意将他们的债务一笔勾销。 (The bank agreed to wipe out their debts.)

- The population of the island was almost wiped out by the disease.

Unit7.ppt