非谓语动词是动词的几种特殊形式。和一般动词相比，其最大特点是不能单独做谓语。非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词四种形式。学好非谓语动词的重点是掌握非谓语动词的形式、特征、主要功能以及不同时态和语态的各种变化形式及其意义；其难点是区分非谓语动词在某些动词后的具体用法。要分清在一个动词后究竟是用动词不定式、动名词，还是用分词，首先就要弄清楚每种非谓语动词的具体用法，其次是要弄清楚这些非谓语动词和具体动词搭配时的特殊用法。

一．动词不定式

真题应用：

1.They found that people over 50 years old _D who____ regularly went to concerts were about 30 percent _____ likely to die over the next 14 years.（20选词）

2.  I never got the chance to pick what we watched on TV until I learned the sport of rock, paper, scissors.(21阅读)

3. ...more and more of these metals  8  to be mined to keep up with the demand for new models. (22选词)

4. A healthy self-relationship can help you create a positive self-image which is vital for you to become the best version of yourself. （23翻译）

5. But critics say speed cameras can be a financial burden on those who are least able to pay. （24阅读）

6...ants somehow manage to avoid the problem of stop-and-go traffic.(25阅读)

1．不定式的构成和特征

动词不定式由“to 动词原形”构成。及物动词的不定式可以带宾语，也可以被状语修饰；不定式加宾语和状语，构成不定式短语，如：to read the text slowly。不定式的否定结构是在不定式前加not,如:not to do。

不定式前也可以加某些疑问代词(who, what, which…)或疑问副词（when，where，how, why…）构成特殊的不定式短语，如：what to do next, how to get there等。

2．不定式的主要功能

动词不定式在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和主语补足语。

（1）做主语

To know everything is to know nothing．

How to make our life longer is a big problem.

It is necessary for him to return the book.   

It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.

（2）做表语

To live is to do something worthwhile．   

If you are to succeed, you must be patient and persistent．

（3）做宾语

下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀

决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。

主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。

decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish;

refuse，manage，care，pretend;

offer，promise，choose，plan;

agree，ask/beg，help。

此外，afford，strive，happen，wait，threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.

当我经过时，她假装没看见我。

（4）做定语

不定式做定语时须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。

She was the only one to look after the children．

Teamwork is the ability to work together toward a common aim.

（5）做状语

(1)作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。

To keep themselves awake, they sat on the floor and told each other stories.

为了不至于睡着，他们坐在地板上轮流着讲故事。

(2)作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果，经常与only连用。

We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left.

我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已开走了。

(3)作原因状语

形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，sorry，proud，disappointed，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased等。

We’re proud to be young people of China.

作为中国青年我们感到自豪。

（6）做宾语补足语      

有些及物动词的宾语后常有不定式做宾语补足语，构成复合宾语，这样意义才能完整。这些及物动词有advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, command, expect, encourage, force, get,hate,help,invite,leave,like,think,order,permit,persuade,prefer,remind,require,teach,tell,urge,want,warn, wish等。

其中在使役动词have, let, make 等后连接宾语补足语时，省略不定式符号 “to”, help接宾补时，既可有不定式符号”to”,也可以省略。但变为被动语态时，则需加上“to”; 在感官动词 see, watch, notice, observe, hear, smell, feel…等后面，接不定式作宾语补足语时，也要省略不定式符号“to”.

 He made me finish the task ahead of time.

I was made to finish the task ahead of time.

see sb. do …和 see sb. doing…的区别：前者指看到了事情发生的整个过程，后者指看到了正在发生的动作。

I saw him enter the classroom.

I saw him cheating in the exam.

（7）做主语补足语   

上述带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词，变为被动语态时，原宾语变为主语，原宾语补足语变为主语补语。不定式做主语补足语时，即使在have, make, hear, see等动词后，不定式的to也不能省略。

They were made to work day and night．

Someone was heard to come up the stairs．

3.不定式的时态

（1）不定式的一般式（to 动词原形）表示动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或是在其后发生的。

I have some news to tell you.我有些新闻要告诉你(to tell动作发生在have之后)

(2)不定式的进行式（to be 现在分词）表示动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的，而且正在进行着。

They seem to be getting along quite well．他们似乎相处得很好。

He wants to be dressing．他想要穿衣服。

(3)不定式的完成式（to have 过去分词）表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。

I am sorry to have kept you waiting．对不起，让你久等了。

She seems to have read the book before．她好像以前看过这本书。

4．不定式的被动语态

当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动式（to be 过去分词）形式。

It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here．我很荣幸被邀请在这里讲话。（逻辑主语：me）

Let me show you the room to be used as our language lab.

我来带你看看要用作语言实验室的那个房间。(逻辑主语：the room）

二．动名词

真题应用：

1.The hiring process may be different from one company to another. (20阅读)

2.Practice being patient in any situation and the anger would automatically go away with time.（21选句）

3. While babies hold toys to feel safe when their mothers are not there, adults collect things to stop feeling lonely or anxious.（22阅读）

4. Getting on well with yourself should be a top priority to you if you want to be a happy person. （23翻译）

5. Adding a dog to the household increased young girls' physical activities by 52 minutes a day. （24选词）

6. And now he’s an incredibly playful, confident and loving cat who always wants to be with you, ...（25阅读）

1.动名词的构成和特征

动名词由“动词原形 ing ”构成。及物动词的动名词可以带宾语，也可以被状语修饰；带有宾语和状语的动名词称为动名词短语，如：reading a book quickly。否定式是在动名词前加not.

2.动名词的语法功能   

动名词在句中起名词的作用，可以做主语、表语、定语、动词宾语、介词宾语等。

(1)做主语

Talking loudly is very important in learning a foreign language.

在某些结构中，也可用it做 形式主语，把做主语的动名词后置。

It is no good learning without practice.  

It is no use asking her advice.

It is a waste of time discussing such matters.

(2)做表语

Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

Her job is nursing the disabled.

The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers.

(3)做定语

不定式作定语表示未做的事情。有时动名词还可以放在名词之前做定语。

reading material阅读材料

teaching method教学方法

(4)做动词宾语

以下及物动词及短语动词常用动名词做宾语：admit，suggest, dislike, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, forgive, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone,  practise , prevent, propose（建议，提议）, require，risk，suggest，can't help，give up, keep on, put off等。

I enjoy seeing you and talking about old times．

I appreciate her devoting herself to education．

(5)做介词宾语   

动名词也做介词的宾语，构成介词短语，在句中做定语、状语或表语。

Man's dream of flying in space has come true．

He hasn't much experience in running factories．

3.动名词的时态

(1)动名词的一般式(动词原形 ing)表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生。

Children enjoy reading picture-story books．孩子们喜欢看小人书。

（enjoy与reading同时发生）

I am thinking of getting a new dictionary.我正在考虑买一本新词典。

（getting在am thinking以后发生）

(2)动名词的完成式（having 过去分词）表示的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。

I regret having told her the news.我后悔把那个消息告诉了她。

He is proud of having won the first prize.他很自豪获得了一等奖。

4.动名词的被动语态

 当动名词逻辑上的主语（指修饰动名词的物主代词或名词的所有格）是动名词动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动形式（being 过去分词／having been 过去分词）。

Respecting others means being respected.

尊敬他人就是尊重自己。

He insisted on being treated as an ordinary employee．

他坚持把自己当做普通雇员对待。

After having been interviewed, she was offered the job．

面试后，她得到了那份工作。

I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team．

我听说他被选为球队的教练。

三．现在分词

真题应用：

1.The problem with this approval is that at the end of a typical interview, the employers often don’t have a much better feel for the candidate than they do after reading the candidate’s resume. （20阅读）

2.There are no decorative objects lying around－just the essentials. （21阅读）

3.And when phones are buried under the ground,harmful elements leak into the 9   , polluting groundwater.(22选词)

4. Speaking about privacy concerns, he said: “it's going to get resolved, but not easily." （23阅读）（23阅读）

5.By junior year, students majoring in physics are committed to learning, she says.（24阅读）

6.And now he’s an incredibly playful, confident and loving cat who always wants to be with you, following you from room to room,” Yulia says.（25阅读）

1．现在分词的构成和特征

现在分词由“动词原形 ing构成。及物动词的现在分词可以带宾语，也可以带状语，带有状语或宾语的分词称为分词短语，如：telling a story slowly。否定式是在现在分词前加not．现在分词与动名词构成形式相同，因此，有的语法书上把它们统称为动词的ing形式。

2.现在分词的语法功能

现在分词的作用相当于形容词和副词，在句中可以做定语，状语，表语，宾语补足语等。

(1)做定语

现在分词常用来修饰名词或代词。单个分词作定语通常放在被修饰词之前，分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词之后。

A little child learning to walk often falls.

He is a businessman growing rich in recent years.

(2)做状语

Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.

When leaving the airport, they waved to us again and again.

Being sick, I stayed at home.

Turning to the right, you’ll find a path leading to his cottage.

It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.

He ran up to her, breathing heavily.

He walked down the hill, singing softly to himself.

(3)做表语

The situation proves encouraging.

The story of his life sounds interesting.

(4)做宾语补足语

Without goals, you find yourself hoping things will happen.

I found those students studying very hard.

She suddenly heard someone knocking at the door.

3．现在分词的时态

现在分词的一般式由“动词原形 ing”形式构成；现在分词的完成式（having 过去分词）主要用在状语中，表示这个动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。

Having dressed myself, I went to the office.

我穿好衣服就去了办公室。

Having watered the vegetables, the farmer took a short rest.

给蔬菜浇完水，这位农民休息了一会。

Not having done it right, he tried again.

他没有做对,又试了一次。

4.现在分词的被动语态

(1)现在分词的被动式(being 过去分词)不仅表示被动的动作，而且表示这个动作正在发生，或者这个动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。

The questions being discussed are of great importance．正在讨论的问题非常重要。

The bridge being built there will be one of the longest in China．

正在建造中的那座桥将是中国最长的大桥之一。    

He found the topic being discussed everywhere．他发现到处都在讨论这个问题。

(2)现在分词的完成被动式（having been 过去分词）不仅表示被动的动作，而且表示这个动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。

Having been given such a good chance, how could she give it up?

既然得到这样一个好机会，她怎么可能放弃呢？

Having been told that some guests were coming, she shopped all the morning in that supermarket.

听说有客人要来，她整个上午都在那家超市购物。

Having been married forty years, they still love each other.

他们结婚40年了，仍然相亲相爱。

四．过去分词

真题应用：

1.Here are some best practices used by industry leaders to attract the best talent for the job.（20选词）

2.Luck and chance play a part, but "you have to be prepared and have a strategy," he says. （21阅读）

3.An actor named Steve Roach thinks that people collect things to remember their childhood. （22阅读）

4. He also said there should be a special internet for children so they do not run into material made for adults. （23阅读）

5. College professors these days face an ever-higher bar to grab the attention of their students, forced to compete with the pulling power of smartphones and laptops in large lecture halls.（24阅读）

6. Then, my heart was filled with joy and happiness.(25翻译)

1．过去分词的构成和特征

规则动词的过去分词与过去式同形，由“动词原形 ed”构成。不规则动词的过去分词的构成没有统一规则。过去分词可以带状语，带有状语的分词称为分词短语。

2．过去分词的语法功能

过去分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用，可以做定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语等。

(1)做定语

过去分词做定语通常放在被修饰词之前；过去分词短语做定语一般放在被修饰词之后。

The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted．

Children disciplined when they are young will become good citizens.

(2)做状语

When seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge.

Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter a word.

Given more time, I’ll do it better.

Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong.

He came back, exhausted.

(3)做表语

They are satisfied with their present job．他们对现在的工作很满意。

(4)做宾语补足语

If you want a thing well done, do it yourself．

如果希望出色地完成一件事，就要亲自干。  

I found this city greatly changed．

我发现这座城市变化很大。

There was such a noise that he couldn't make himself heard.

声音这么吵，他无法使别人听到他的话。

3．分词的独立结构

 分词的独立结构由“逻辑主语（名词、代词） 分词”构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。在独立结构中，分词的逻辑主语可以是分词动作的执行者，也可以是分词动作的承受者；可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。

(1)逻辑主语 现在分词（这一结构表示主动意义）

Mary coming back, they discussed it together．

玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论了那件事。（时间）

The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left the lecture hall.

教师讲课结束以后，学生们就离开了讲堂。（时间）

Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot．

如果天气允许，我们将步行去那里。（条件）

That being the case, we'd better make another plan.

情况既然如此，我们最好重新制订计划。（原因）

(2)逻辑主语 过去分词（这一结构表示被动意义）

This done, we went home．

这个做完后，我们就回家了。（时间）

The table set, they began to have dinner．

桌子摆好以后，他们开始用餐。（时间）

He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.

他躺在草地上，头枕双手。（伴随情况）

4．现在分词与过去分词的区别

现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作已经完成。在特性与状态上，现在分词表示它所说明的名词的特性；过去分词表示它所说明的名词或代词的状态。

The news is exciting．

这则消息很鼓舞人心。（特性）

We are all excited to hear the news．

我们听了这则消息都很振奋。（状态）

I heard someone opening the door．

我听见有人开门。（主动）

I heard the door opened．

我听见门开了。（被动）

I saw him taking the book away．

我看到他把书拿走了。（进行）

Lifted bodies have energy．

被举起的物体具有能量。（完成）