二、被动语态

真题应用：

1.The First National Conference on Reading was held in Beijing on 23 April and a national campaign was launched to promote people's love of reading.（22作文）

2.We enjoy them while they are shut up in prison.（22翻译）

3. The game is played today by millions of people  2  thousands in the United States.（23选词）

4.The sooner kids are taught physics and taught it well, the better, she says. （24阅读）

5.Then, Ben was adopted.（25阅读）

1. 各种时态的被动语态

英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，如：She takes care of the child．被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，如：The child is taken care of by her．句子由主动语态变为被动语态时将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，主动句的主语变成由介词by引导的短语，做状语。

被动语态的构成：主语 be 及物动词的过去分词。动词的执行者由介词by引出，往往可以省去。

 被动语态一般在以下情况使用：

A. 动作的执行者无需指出或不明确时；

Theories must be combined with practice.

B．为了强调动作的承受者时；

Four people were killed and thirty-one were injured in the bomb attack.

C．为了修辞的需要。

He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.

被动语态是动词的一种形式，有时态、人称和数的变化，这种变化体现在系动词be上。英语共有16种时态，而被动语态的常用时态有以下8种：

(1)一般现在时：主语 is (am,are) 过去分词    

This new product is used by more and more people.

Students are expected to study hard.

(2)现在进行时：主语 is (am,are) being 过去分词

Where is Mary? She is being scolded by the teacher because of a stupid mistake.

The matter is being looked into．

(3)现在完成时：主语 have (has) been 过去分词

 Many products have been tested by the scientists.

(4)一般过去时：主语 was (were) 过去分词

The machine was put into operation in 1942．

(5)过去进行时：主语 was (were) being 过去分词

The boss was being interviewed when his wife opened the door．

(6)过去完成时：主语 had been 过去分词

They hurried to the cinema only to find that all the tickets had been sold out.

(7)一般将来时：主语 shall(will) be 过去分词

The meeting will be held next week.

2.被动语态的几种特殊结构

(1)情态动词的被动语态

这种结构为：主语 情态动词 be 过去分词

This can be done by hand．

The environment should be improved．

(2)动词短语的被动

除及物动词外，一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可使用被动语态形式，除个别情况，短语动词一般不拆开用。

This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.

(3)英语中有些动词可用主动形式表示被动意义。

如：wash,write,sell,eat,keep,open,read,shut.

The pen writes well.

(4) want,deserve,need,require, be worth后跟主动形式的动名词可以表示被动意义。

The children need looking after(=to be looked after).孩子需要照看。

The film is quite worth watching.