时态语态（作文的基本盘）

一、动词时态

动词时态是表示谓语动词的动作或状态发生的时间和方式。有四种不同的时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）和四种不同的方式（一般、进行、完成、完成进行），每一种时间、方式就构成一种时态。英语动词共有16种时态，按《大纲》要求，考生应掌握以下12种时态的构成及其用法。

  下面我们就根据真题考试的具体考察情况，有选择性的重点讲解以下句子时态。

1．一般现在时：真题作文的王者时态。

主语 动词原形（若主语是第三人称单数，动词原形加-s或-es）

真题应用：

Part IV Writing (20 points)  (25作文)

Directions: In this part, you should write a letter of no less than 100 words in English based on the following information.

Suppose you are Li Hua, a student at Hongxing College. Write a letter to apply for membership of the International Cultural Tourism Innovation Team（国际文化旅游创新团队）. Your letter should include:

1) a brief self-introduction

2) the reasons for your application.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

(1)表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示频度的副词连用，如：always，often，usually, sometimes, rarely, never, once a week, twice a month等。

He always gets up late on Sunday.

He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean.

(2)表示主语的特征、能力、性格等。

Oxygen and hydrogen make water．

He doesn’t speak French．

(3)表示客观事实和普遍真理。

Water boils at 100℃．

Light travels faster than sound．

(4)表示安排或计划好的将要发生的动作。

Tomorrow is Christmas Day．

The plane takes off at eight and arrives in Beijing at ten．

(5)在时间或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back.

If you try your best, you’ll succeed.

2．现在进行时：阅读篇章中常用。

主语 be(am , is , are) 现在分词

真题应用：

1.Machines that can learn are already among us and are changing the world in which we live.（21翻译）

2.I'm setting a better example for my kids and spending more quality time with them.（21阅读）

3.Now, researchers are uncovering just how powerful this small change in movement can be.（25阅读）

(1)表示目前或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情。

Mary is reading a book now while her brother is watching TV.

People are working hard for a better life.

(2)表示按计划或安排将来要进行的动作（常用的动词如：go，come，leave，meet等）.

I’m leaving for London tomorrow.

Imagine I’m seeing the Mona Lisa.

3．现在完成时：英语考试中的常见时态

主语 have( has) 过去分词

真题应用

1.Scientists have discovered that exercise can decrease depression. （20翻译）

2.The digital gap (数字鸿沟)has reduced the social participation of the elderly in recent years. （21作文）

3.Single-use plastic bans have shown to be effective in reducing waste.（22阅读）

4.The key, she says, has been to make herself approachable and her instruction personal. （24阅读）

5.“In our experience with Ben, we've learned that senior cats are truly the sweetest and most loving,” Yulia says.（25阅读）

(1)表示过去发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果，着眼点在现在。现在完成时常与不确定的时间状语连用（如：yet ,just，before，recently，once，lately等）；也与表示频度的时间状语连用（如：often ,ever, never, sometimes, twice等）；也与包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用（如：now，today，this morning, this month，this year等）。但不能与特定的过去时间状语连用（如：in 1911,last year, just now等）。

We haven’t seen each other again since we graduated in 2022.

It is the first time that I have met Jane.        

(2)表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可能一直延续下去的动作。现在完成时常与表示一段时间的状语连用（如：so far, up to now, since，for a long time, for the past few years等）。

I have worked here for twenty years．

They have been good friends since they were young boys.

4．一般过去时：考试中的常见时态 特定作文中的主体时态

主语 动词的过去式

真题应用：

（10真题）Composition: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay in honor of teachers on occasion of Teacher’s Day. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

1.向老师致以节日祝贺；

2.从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献；

3.我如何回报老师的关爱。

有一次，下大雨了。我没有带伞。我很着急。老师把他的伞借给我。

1.They _3___ how often the people went out and what kinds of events they attended.（20选词）

2.The game helped him settle disagreements with his three older sisters.（21阅读）

3.In the study, Australian researchers followed 600 children over a  2  of three years. (24选词)

4.A 2014 study found that women between the ages of 20 and 40 who followed a six-week backward walking program lost body fat and improved their overall fitness.（25阅读）

5.I felt very small when I realized the hugeness of the universe.（25翻译）

表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。常与表示特定过去时间的状语last night/Friday/week/month/year, just now , a moment/three days ago，(the day before) yesterday, in 1949等连用。

I had a word with Mary this morning.

Chinese people fought bravely against Japanese invaders from 1937 to 1945.

5．过去进行时：阅读篇章中常见，简单了解

主语 was (were) 现在分词

真题应用： 

It was getting more difficult to actually find singers.（23阅读）

That fall, Yulia and her daughter were planning to adopt their first cat.（25阅读）

表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。

He was playing football at five yesterday afternoon．

When you saw us on the campus yesterday afternoon, Bill was telling me about his experience in Disneyland.

Tom was coughing all night long.

6．过去完成时：阅读篇章中常见，简单了解

主语 had 过去分词

真题应用：

While 2 in 10 males made singing noises in 2004,10 years later the number had dropped to 1 in 10，Dunlop said. (23阅读)

表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。所以，过去完成时又称为“过去的过去”。

By the end of World War Ⅱ,the small workshop had become a large factory.

I had just finished my dinner when Tom called me.

7．一般将来时：特定作文的基础时态 考试中的常考时态 

真题应用

Directions: In this section, you should write an essay on How to Bridge the Digital Gap for the Elderly

The digital gap (数字鸿沟)has reduced the social participation of the elderly in recent years. Many of them have difficulties in using smart devices.

Your essay should include:

(1) your understanding of this phenomenon

(2) measures that should be taken to help the elderly based on the following information.

You should write at least 100 words in English.Please write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET(21作文)

1.Students at university can learn and make friends 1 will last a lifetime.（21选词）

2.....the house shall be surrounded with hundreds of shady branches.（22翻译）

3.Mulching before the soil has warmed enough will keep in the cold and slow the reawakening of the plants.(23阅读)

4....and safety advocates around the country are desperately searching for anything that will get drivers to slow down.(24阅读)

5.“Senior cats will truly award you with so much love and gratitude.” （25阅读）

1、shall/will 动词原形构成一般将来时；表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

They will leave for Hong Kong tomorrow．

2、am（is ，are）going to 动词原形，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情

--Where are you going?

--The airport. I am going to meet the manager at the airport.

3、am（is ，are）about to 动词原形，表示即将发生的动作；

Please get everything ready. The experiment is about to start.

4、am（is ，are） to 动词原形，表示必须或计划要进行的动作

You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered.   

另外，英语中还有一类动词，没有时态的变化。这种动词通常表示说话人的情感和态度，被称为情态动词。

真题应用

1.As a college student, how should you play a leading role in this campaign?（22作文）

2.I must say that I always love birds.（22翻译）

3.It is said  3  rules of Weiqi can be learned in minutes.（23选词）

4.As you advance, you may find that a shorter rope is more to your liking because it will aid you in increasing your skipping rate.（24选句子）

5.But self-driving cars, if they one day are widely used, could have more cooperative programming.（25阅读）

情态动词:表示说话人对某一动作或状态的情感和态度，认为“可能”、“应当”或“必要”等等。

1)特征:

① 本身有一定的意义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和后面的动词原形一起用。

② 无人称、数和时态的变化

③具有助动词作用，可用于构成疑问句、否定句和简略回答。

2）形式:

较为常见的情态动词有can /could,may /might, must, need,dare, shall /should,will /would

3)用法

(1) can和could的用法

表示“能力”、“可能性”等。 could语气比can 更加委婉。

否定形式：can not 动词原形//could not 动词原形

He can speak English fluently.

他可以流利地讲英语。（表示能力，翻译成 能；可以）

At that time I thought the story could not be true.

那时我认为这故事不可能是真实的。(表示可能性)

could 可以代替 can，表示语气较为婉转，更有礼貌。

Could you wait a few days for the money? 这笔钱你能等几天吗?

(2)may 和might的用法

表示允许和征询对方许可，有“可以”的意思，might比may的语气更委婉一些。

否定形式：may not 动词原形//might not 动词原形

You may go now.你现在可以走了。（表示允许）

May I watch TV after supper? 我可以晚饭后看电视吗? （表示征询对方许可）

(3)must

① must 表示“必须”。否定式must not 动词原形 表示“不准”“禁止”等意思。

Everybody must obey the rules.人人都必须遵守这些规则

You mustn't lend it to others.你不准把它借给别人。

② must表示推测，只用在肯定句中。

“must 动词原形”表示对现在事情的推测，翻译成“一定”。如:

The Chinese language must have the largest number of speakers.

说汉语的人数一定最多。

(4) need

need 表示“需要”。通常用在否定句和疑问句中。 否定形式 need not 动词原形 翻译成“不必”

I need tell you the truth. 我需要告诉你实情。

He needn't do that.他不必做那件事。

（5）shall 和 should的用法    

否定形式shall not 动词原形//should not 动词原形

① shall 作为情态动词，用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令”、“警告”、“威胁”、“强制”、“允诺”等意思。

You shall do as I say.你要照我说的做。（表命令）

Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow.告诉他，明天给他书。（表示允诺）

② should 作为情态动词，表示“劝告”、“建议”，可译为“应该”。

You should keep your promise.你应该遵守诺言。

You should be here on time. 你应该准时到这里。

（6）will 和 would的用法

 否定形式 will not 动词原形//would not 动词原形

① will表示“意志”“意愿”，可用于各种人称。

I will tell you all about it.我愿意把有关这件事的一切情况都告诉你。

② would语气比will 更委婉。

I would like to go with you. 我愿意和你一起去。