Unit1.ppt

After Reading

1. Useful Expressions

1.    骄兵必败                           pride comes before a fall

2.    战无不胜                           nothing could stand in their way

3.    奋勇抵抗                           fierce resistance

4.    阴冷凄苦的俄罗斯寒冬      a raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter

5.    堪称无敌                           be unequaled

6.    向…发动进攻                    launch an attack against…

7.    痛苦的教训                        a painful lesson

8.    速决速胜                           a quick, decisive victory

9.    让某人吃惊的是                 to sb.'s surprise

10.  面临着一个重要抉择          be faced with a crucial decision

11.  孤注一掷                           take the gamble

12.  激战                                  fierce battle

13.  向…提出停战                    offer a truce to

14.  等待时机                           bide one’s time

15.  成为一场噩梦                    turn into a nightmare

16.  拖着脚步行进                    drag on

17.  溃不成军的幸存者             the tattered survivors               

18.  不宣而战                           without a declaration of war

19.  闪电式战略                     lightning war

20.  “焦土”政策                      “scorch the earth”

21.  处境变得危急                    the situation becomes desperate

22.  食品匮乏                     food runs out

23.  死于饥饿与疾病           die from hunger and disease

24.  食品和补给的匮乏          a lack of food and supplies

## 2. Spot Dictation  

(Directions): Listen to the following passage and fill in the missing words.

In the spring of 1812, Napoleon ______(1) an army of six hundred thousand men on the borders ofRussia. The soldiers were well trained, _____(2), and well equipped. Shortly afterwards, Napoleon’s army crossed the Neman River intoRussia. In August, the French and Russian armies______ (3) at Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each side. Napoleon________ (4) of pressing on to Moscow, 448 kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French and Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112 kilometers west of Moscow. Again, the Russian army retreated to safety. Napoleon had a clear path to Moscow, but the _____(5) of the city became an empty victory. Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and _____(6) his army in Moscow during the winter. In October 1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow. At the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the retreating French by burning the bridges over the _____(7) river. But Napoleon, by a stroke of luck, was able to build two new bridges. Thousands of French soldiers escaped, but at the cost of fifty thousand dead. Once across the Berezina, the _____(8) survivors limped toward Vilna.

(= 1. assembled  2. efficient 3. engaged   4. took the gamble 5. occupation  6. quarter  7. swollen   8. tattered)

3. Blank Filling

(Directions:  Fill in each blank in the following paragraph with the appropriate words and phrases from the text.)

When Hitler decided to launch his ______(1) ofRussia, he thought that nothing could _______ ______ _____ _____(2) of his armies. ______(3), it seemed, was inevitable. He had surprise on his side, _____Stalin ______ ______ _______(4) by _____(5) his attack without a ______(6) of war. Hitler expected the ______(7) to last only a few months. In the event, it was to ______(8) for much longer. Like Napoleon before him, he had made a fatal mistake in failing to _____ ____(9) the severity of the Russian weather. Many German soldiers were to ______ ______(10) the cold as winter set in, ______the German advance_____ _____ _____(11)．

(= 1. invasion  2. stand in the way  3. Conquest  4. catching … off his guard         5. launching  6. declaration  7. campaign  8. drag on  9. reckon with 10. die from   11. bringing … to a halt)

4. Discussion

 (Directions: Translate the following Napoleon’s quotations and discuss his characters with your partner.)

The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “impossible”.

凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。

I succeeded because I willed it; I never hesitated.

我成功是因为我有决心，从不踌躇。

To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune.              

要真正了解一个人，需在不幸中考察他。

He who fears being conquered is sure of defeat.

怕吃败仗的人必然要打败仗。

If you wage war, do it energetically and with severity. This is the only way to make it shorter, and consequently less inhuman.

如果打仗，就要毫不留情地全力去打。这是缩短战争的唯一方法，因而也可以减少战争的残酷。

There is a moment in every battle at which the least maneuver is decisive and gives superiority as one drop of water causes overflow.

在每一场战争中，都有那么一刻，运用一点策略就是决定性的并带来优势，正如加一滴水就可以促成溢流一般。

5. Talk about the Pictures

6. Writing Practice

Paragraph Development

1.    A brief introduction

As we all know, one of the central components of an essay or a paper is the paragraph. In order to develop a good paragraph, let us have a clear idea of some special terms about it. They are: (1) topic sentence; (2) controlling idea; (3) supporting sentences; (4) concluding sentence; (5) unity; (6) coherence.

Topic sentence — The sentence within a paragraph or discourse that states the main thought, often placed at the beginning.

Controlling idea – The word(s) or phrase that expresses the main idea, your attitude, your evaluation of something. It is the main element of a topic sentence.

Supporting sentences — The sentences within a paragraph that support the main idea of that paragraph. These sentences could include examples, direct quotes, explanations, details, etc.

Concluding sentence – The sentence which completes that paragraph and often sums up or reaffirms the main idea of that paragraph.

Unity – One of writing principles referring to the fact that the sentences all refer to the main idea, or thesis of the paper.

Coherence – One of writing principles referring to the fact that the sentences should be organized in a logical manner and should follow a definite plan of development.

These special terms summarize the way to develop a good paragraph. That’s to say, a good paragraph should have a topic sentence, in which controlling idea is very important. Other sentences in the paragraph should develop the main idea and should be organized in a logical manner and follow a definite plan of development .

Besides the terms mentioned above, the formation of a paragraph is also worth mentioning. Generally speaking, a complete paragraph should include three parts: an introduction sentence, a body and a concluding sentence. But in reality, many a time there is not a “concluding sentence”, especially one paragraph in a long story or essay.

2.    An example and practice

（1）. An example

 We had a wonderful vacation! (1) We visited my grand parents’ home for the holiday. (2) There we met all my cousins, aunts, and uncles. (3) We ate good food and played a lot. (4) We went shopping and sightseeing. (5) I didn't feel like coming back! (6)

Sentence (1) is a topic sentence. The controlling idea is “wonderful”. Therefore, in sentences (2), (3), (4) and (5), the author develops this controlling idea by means of providing details. In sentence (2) he uses “visited my grand parents' home”, in sentence (3) “met all my cousins, aunts, and uncles”, in sentence (4) “ate and played”, in sentence (5) “went shopping and sightseeing”. The last sentence serves as a concluding sentence. In this way he develops this paragraph logically, coherently and completely.

（2）. Practice

(Directions:) The following paragraph is from Unit 1, Book III. Now you are required to analyze the structures by pointing out the controlling ideas of the topic sentence and details.

It’s a self-reliant sort of life.(1) We grow nearly all of our fruits and vegetables.(2) Our hens keep us in eggs, with several dozen left over to sell each week.(3) Our bees provide us with honey, and we cut enough wood to just about make it through the heating season.(4)

( =Reference keys:

  Controlling idea: self-reliant  

      Details: In Sentence 2 — fruits and vegetables

          In Sentence 3 — eggs

          In Sentence 4 — honey and wood)

（3）. Homework

(Directions:) Write two passages based on the two topic sentences and details given.

Passage One:

     Topic sentence: John is a good student.

     Details: 1) studies hard

            2) ready to help others

       Model  

(=John is a good student. He studies very hard. Every morning he is always the first one to come to school. In class, he listens carefully to the teachers. After class, he finishes homework as soon as possible. Besides, John is ready to help others. Whenever his classmates ask him for help, he will help them at once. For example, When Jack was ill last week, John went to his home and told him what the teachers had taught in class. Because of these, all the teachers and his classmates think John is a top student.)       

Passage Two:

     Topic sentence: T-shirts are very popular inUSA.

     Details: 1) people at different places wearing T-shirts

            2) people at different ages wearing T-shirts

Model  

(=T-shirts are very popular inUSA. Wherever you go, you can see people wearing T-shirts. When you go to the beach, you can see almost all people there wearing T-shirts. If you go to buy something in the supermarket, you can see most customers are in their colorful T-shirts. Besides, it seems that American people at different ages like wearing T-shirts. You can see not only kids and students in elementary schools but also workers and college students wearing T-shirts. You can even meet some old ladies wearing T-shirt in the street. All in all, T-shirts are really popular among American people. )

7. Sentence Translation  

（1）He was prepared for the fierce resistance of the Russian people defending their

homeland.

(=他知道俄罗斯人民会为保卫祖国而奋勇抵抗，并为此做好了准备。)

（2）As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat.

(=正当俄罗斯军队集聚兵力之时，法国人却不得不逃离俄国，以避免注定的失败。)

（3）The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over, thanks in part to the Russian winter.

(=斯大林格勒一战的失利最终使希特勒走向穷途末路。部分地由于俄罗斯的冬季，德国人走向失败了。)

（4）With the arrival of 5 June, the weather was so bad that General Eisenhower  , supreme commander of the invasion forces, was forced to postpone the invasion by one day.

(=6月5日到了，气候如此恶劣，进攻部队最高统帅艾森豪威尔将军被迫将进攻推迟了一天。)

（5）拿破仑顺利进入莫斯科，然而，对该市的占领成为毫无意义的胜利。

(=Napoleon had a clear path to Moscow, but the occupation of the city became an empty victory.)

（6）法国士兵拖着脚步行进，一路上留下无数死尸。

(=The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the dead along every mile.)

（7）与此同时，德军一系列重大失误使他们被打得措手不及。

(=Meanwhile, critical errors by the German side allowed them to be taken completely by surprise.)

（8）不到一年，希特勒自吹能延续千年的帝国便崩溃了。

(=Within a year Hitler’s empire, which he had boasted would last a thousand years, lay in ruins.)

8. Proverbs and Quotations

(1)  An army marches on its stomach.

兵马未动，粮草先行。

(2)  He that forecasts all perils, will never sail the sea.

—    担惊受怕者航不了海。 /懦者事之贼。

(3)  Either by might or by sleight.

—    不动武，就斗智。

(4)  All delays are dangerous in war.

—    John Drydon, Briish poet

—    在战争中，任何拖延都是危险的。

—    英国诗人 J. 德莱顿

(5)  In war, whichever side may call itself he vicor, there are no winners, but all are losers.

—    Nerille Chamberlain, British prime minister

(6)  战争中只有输家，没有赢家，尽管双方不论哪一方均可能自称为胜利者。

—    英国首相 N. 张伯伦

Supplementary Reading

Text B

Would nature be on the side of the Allied forces as they prepared to invade mainland Europe or would it favour the Germans? No one was certain.

The Normandy Landings

                         Anthony Ward[1]                                               

1   The largest and most ambitious military expedition in history was the invasion of Normandy[2] in northernFranceby British, American and Canadian forces that took place in the summer of 1944. Even nature played a role.

2     It took more than a year for military planners to orchestrate every movement of troops, artillery, ships and aircraft and to set everything in place for the move that was to open up a second front in Europe. This would liberateFranceand open the way for the final assault onGermanyitself.

3     Everything was controlled; right down to the placement of military decoys across the English Channel to fool the Germans into thinking the attack would come fromBritain’s closest point toFranceat Pas de Calais[3] rather than in Normandy as planned.

4     Everything was controlled, that is, except the weather.

5     D-Day, the code name given to the day of invasion, was originally scheduled for 5 June 1944. This date had been arrived at by considering two factors — moonlight and tide. The hour of the invasion would need to be near sunrise, when the seaborne troops would have a rising tide. This would enable them to land close to the obstacles that had been placed to hinder their landing without coming ashore on top of them. The paratroopers needed a full moon for visibility. The days with the proper tide-moonlight formula closest to the target date were 5, 6 and 7 June. (1) The fifth was chosen for D-Day to allow a safety margin in case the attack needed to be postponed.

6     In addition to moonlight and favourable tides, calm seas were needed for the crossing. (2) But an unusually stormy transition from spring toward summer that year held out little hope that there would be a suitable break in the weather. It also meant the possibility that Operation Overlord, as the invasion was called, might have to be postponed until later in the year or even the following year.

7     With the arrival of 5 June, the weather was so bad that General Eisenhower[4] , supreme commander of the invasion forces, was forced to postpone the invasion by one day. When he met with his staff to review their options, they were faced with the grim reality that 6 June did not look much better than the original D-Day. The meteorological report gave a thin ray of hope that a lull in the storm would allow enough time to launch the invasion. Consultations went on late into the night on whether to press ahead. Opinions were divided. Finally, Eisenhower made his decision. "I am quite positive we must give the order," he said. "I don't like it, but there it is. I don't see how we can do anything else." Within hours, an armada of 3,000 landing craft, 2,500 other ships, and 500 naval vessels began to leave English ports.

8     Meanwhile, critical errors by the German side allowed them to be taken completely by surprise. Due to the bad weather, the German navy cancelled its usual patrol of the English Channel. Also, a practice drill scheduled for June 6 was called off. The German meteorological services were unaware of the break in the weather. On the eve of the attack, many of the top German leaders were absent from their commands. Rommel[5] , the general in charge of the coastal defences, was in Germany visiting his wife on her birthday, and several officers were some distance away in Rennes[6] or on their way there for a war-game exercise.

9     The assault on Normandy began at 12:15 a.m., when the pathfinders for the American airborne units left their planes and parachuted to earth. Five minutes later, on the other side of the invasion area, the British pathfinders made their jump. The pathfinders were specially trained to find and mark the drop zones. The main airborne assault was to commence within the hour.

10    The airborne attack became confused because of stiff winds and the evasive flying of the transport planes when they encountered anti-aircraft fire. As a result, the paratroopers were scattered over a wide area and most missed their drop zones, some by as much as 20 miles. Other complications were caused by the terrain, and the worst terrain was on the Cotentin Peninsula. The Germans had laced the open fields with anti-personnel and glider stakes and flooded the low areas. The flooding caused the most trouble for the Americans of the 101st and 82nd Airborne divisions, with many of the troops drowned, laden down by their heavy equipment.

11    The airborne units were to secure the flanks of the amphibious assault. That meant capturing bridges, crossroads and coastal batteries. After accomplishing those tasks, the paratroopers had to withstand any German counterattacks.

12    As the airborne units struggled to achieve their goals, the great fleet made its way across the channel to its appointment with destiny. Leading that grand armada were the minesweepers. Behind them followed a vast array of naval vessels of every conceivable type. Never before had such a fleet been assembled. Including the landing craft carried on board, the combined Allied invasion armada numbered up to 6,000 ships. Approximately 150,000 men were to cross the English Channel and land at assault beaches code-named "Utah," "Omaha," "Gold," "Juno" and "Sword."

13    The first areas of French soil wrested from German control were a group of small islands located three miles off Utah Beach. Allied commanders were concerned that these islands could be used as sites for heavy guns. The men of theU.S.4th and 24th Cavalry squadrons were designated to take the islands prior to the main invasion. The assault teams found only land mines. The Germans had left the islands unoccupied.

14    For the majority of the assault troops, however, the war had not begun yet. After spending as long as 48 hours aboard the various transport ships as a result of the delay, many of the men were miserably seasick and in poor shape for the challenge ahead.

15    The naval bombardment began around 5:45 a.m. The air attack followed. The naval and air bombardments were designed to destroy the beach guns and obstacles, pin down the enemy and provide shelter for the ground troops on the open beaches by making craters. Both, however, largely failed in their objectives. Weather conditions had improved, but they were not perfect. Because of poor visibility caused by low cloud cover, it was decided that the bombers would delay the release of bombs 30 seconds to avoid hitting the assaulting troops. As a result, the bombs fell inland and missed their targets. Although the naval bombardment was more accurate, it was not much more effective against the hardened German gun emplacements.

16    The weather also was partially responsible for causing some of the assault craft to miss their assigned landing areas. Additionally, many of the landing craft and amphibious tanks foundered in the rough sea. In the Omaha area, most of the craft carrying artillery and tanks intended to support the incoming troops sank in the high waves.

17    At Utah Beach, however, a strange stroke of good fortune occurred when the assault craft encountered a southerly current that caused them to land in the wrong sector. (3) The German shore batteries that would have contested a landing in the original area would undoubtedly have taken a heavy toll. The landing at the new sector was virtually unopposed.

18    (4) Despite difficulties, Eisenhower's gamble with the elements was to pay off. The invasion forces succeeded in establishing a toehold on French soil. Reinforcements began to pour in, thrusting on deep intoFrance. Within a year Hitler's empire, which he had boasted would last a thousand years, lay in ruins.

1. Culture Notes

（1）. Dwight David Eisenhower

Dwight David Eisenhower (1890 – 1969)

the popular World War II general and the 34th President of theUnited   States 

1）A brief introduction

Born in Texas and raised in Kansas, Eisenhower was a general and political leader of the twentieth century. As supreme commander in Europe of the forces of the Allies during World War II, he directed the invasion of Normandy on D-Day and led in the overthrow of the Nazi government ofGermany. He later organized the military forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1952, his popularity was so high that both the Democrats and the Republicans wanted him for a presidential candidate; he chose the Republicans. “I Like Ike” was a popular slogan of his campaigns. He defeated the Democratic candidate, Adlai Stevenson, in both 1952 and 1956. In office, he negotiated the end of the Korean War and generally pursued moderate policies. His years as President were marked by increasing prosperity at home, although the cold war with the Soviet Union continued abroad. Richard Nixon was Eisenhower's vice president.

2）His chronology

3） A video clip about him  

(Directions:) Here is a video clip about Dwight D. Eisenhower. After you watch it, you are required to say something about him with your partner or in your group. You can adopt different ways to do that such as retelling, dialog, interview and so on.

（2）. D-Day (Directions:) This text describes the Normandy Landings in detail and D-Day is its code name. Now here is a video clip about it and you can have a visual-aural experience of it. You can see the transcript of it if necessary.

 (=Now, on June 6, 1944 Eisenhower was ready and the first waves of nearly 2 million alive troop sailed for Normandy. Our giant Armanda of 4,000 ships. The skies were alive with a light planes pounding road and real networks. German reinforcement for Normandy will be slow in arriving and tired and disorganized after their continual hammering from the air. German defenses on the beaches were soften up by massive bombardment. They expected an attack across the Straits of Dover and the landing at Normandy came as a complete tactical surprise. This was a crucial attack at the power of Nazi Germany. This was the D-Day. It was the greatest amphibious invasion of all time and even Stalin was force to admit that history of warfare knows no other like undertaking from the point of view of its scale, its vast conception and its masterly execution. By the end D-Day, more than a quarter of a million of alive troops were firmly established in French soil.)

2. Language Study

ambitious: adj. full of ambition

       * A slave has but one master; an ambitious man has as many masters as there are people who may be useful in bettering his position.

这看起来像一个非常雄心勃勃的计划！我祝你们两个好运！

(=That looks like a very ambitious plan! I wish both of you good luck!)

obstacle: n. a thing that blocks one's way

* The biggest obstacle in our way was a tree trunk in the road.

这一决定排除了人质获释的最后障碍。

(=This decision has removed the last obstacle to the hostages' release.)

in case: so as to be safe if (sth.) happens

 * I brought my key just in case you forgot yours.

我带了一些三明治以防我们饿了。

(= I’ve brought some sandwiches in case we get hungry.)

The fifth was chosen for D-Day to allow a safety margin in case the attack needed to be postponed.

   Translate the sentence into Chinese.

(=6月5日被选定为进攻开始日，其用意是留下一个安全系数，以防万一进攻需要推迟。)

hold out: offer

* Few people held out any hope of finding the lost jewelry.

我们的食品供应将只能再撑两个星期。

(=Our food supplies will only hold out for another two weeks.)

But an unusually stormy transition from spring toward summer that year held out little hope that there would be a suitable break in the weather.

  Translate the sentence into Chinese.

(=然而，当年春夏之交大风暴异乎寻常地多，希望在这个时候天气会出现一个适合进攻的风平浪静的间隙，可能性微乎其微。)

due to: because of

* Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late.

她的众多不幸是由无聊造成的。

（= A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom. ）

cancel: vt. decide not to go ahead with (sth. previously arranged)

* Janet had to cancel tomorrow's trip because of her bad cold.

去伦敦的火车已被取消。

(=The train to London has been cancelled.)

call off: decide that a planned event will not take place; cancel

* The police have called off the search for the missing child until dawn tomorrow.

由于寒冷的天气，明天的比赛已被取消。

(=Tomorrow's match has been called off because of the icy weather.)

on the eve of: immediately before

* On the eve of the national entrance examinations, he was so stressed that he couldn't concentrate on his reading.

在中国新年前夕，美国总统向华人社区发去贺信。      

(=TheUSPresident issued a letter of congratulations to the Chinese community on the eve of the Chinese New Year.)

stiff:  adj.  (of a wind, etc.) blowing strongly; not easily bent

* The handle on this door is rather stiff.

当该名男子在雪地里被发现时，他的尸体已经僵硬得像块木板。

(=The man's body was as stiff as a board when it was found in the snow.)

secure:

1. vt. make (sth.) safe from being attacked, harmed, or lost

  * Our missiles and bombers secure us from attack.

他们尽力保卫大桥，使之免遭再次袭击。

(=They tried to secure the bridge from the threat of further attack.)

2. adj.

       *Is your online banking information secure from hackers?

* 尽管失业率上升，79％的美国人觉得他们的工作是安全的。

(=79% of Americans feel secure in their jobs despite rises in joblessness.)

withstand: vt. endure without giving in; resist

* The specially designed shelters are built to withstand ground and air attacks.

这座桥被设计成能抵御地震。

(=The bridge was designed to withstand earthquakes.)

concern: vt. worry

*It concerns me that he hasn't been in contact with the company yet.

我父亲的健康问题使我们非常担心。

(=The state of my father's health concerns us greatly.)

prior to:  before

* There is only one week prior to her going abroad.

在面试前，他做了大量的准备工作。

(=He had made a lot of preparation prior to the interview. )

aboard:  prep. on board of; on; in.

* How many people were aboard the hijacked plane?

在船碰撞中，船上所有的乘客都落入河中。

(=During the collision all passengers aboard the ship fell into the river.)

pin down: prevent from moving

*    It took four nurses to pin down the little boy for an injection.

该部队在首都以北30英里处被抵抗力量牵制住了。

(=The troops were pinned down by resistance forces 30 miles north of the capital.)

objective: n. a thing aimed at or wished for

* Her main objective now is simply to stay in power.

销售人员可以实现财务目标吗？

(=Can the sales force achieve its financial objectives?)

responsible: adj. being the cause of; legally or morally

obliged

*Paul is directly responsible for the efficient running of the office.

她的部门负责监督理事会。

(=Her department is responsible for overseeing the councils.)

contest: vt. fight for; struggle to win or keep

* The medal is being keenly contested by eight gymnasts.

她很可能会赢得，因为只有两个人角逐席位。

(=She is likely to win since only two people are contesting the seat.)

The German shore batteries that would have contested a

landing in the original area would undoubtedly have taken a heavy

toll. The landing at the new sector was virtually unopposed.

   Translate the sentence into Chinese.

(=要是在原定地区登陆的话，德军海岸炮群无疑会拼命抵抗并给盟军造成惨重伤亡。在新登陆区的登陆几乎没有遭到任何抵抗。)

pay off: bring good results; succeed 

*I was pleased to hear about your job offer — all that hard work has obviously paid off.

   她所有的努力得到了回报，最终，她终于通过了考试。

(All her hard work paid off in the end, and she finally passed the exam.

Despite difficulties, Eisenhower's gamble with the elements was to pay off.

Translate the sentence into Chinese.

(=尽管困难重重，艾森豪威尔在与恶劣天气的赌博中赢得了胜利。)

boast: vt. talk about in a manner showing too much pride and satisfaction (usu. used in the pattern: boast about sth. / that)

*He didn't talk about his success in case people thought he was boasting.

家长喜欢吹嘘他们的孩子所取得的成就。

(=Parents enjoy boasting about their children's achievements. )

*They boasted that they had never lost a single game.

[1] Anthony Ward: a British scholar and reviser of this course book series, who specially wrote this article for us.

[2] Normandy: historical region in northwestFrance, on the English Channel

[3] Pas de Calais: the part ofFranceclosest to the British Isles

[4] Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1972): nicknamed Ike. US general, Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (1943-1945) and 34th President of theUS(1953-1961)

[5] Erwin Rommel (1891-1944) nicknamed the Desert Fox. German field marshal, noted for his brilliant generalship in north Africa in World War II. Later a commander inFrance. He committed suicide after the officers’ plot against Hitler.

[6] Rennes: city in northwestFrance